From here:

ftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/biomodels/releases/2017-06-26/

# Stationary distribution of Markov Chains using Python

I always forget to add one special condition to transition matrix $A$ when computing stationary distribution namely that in addition to $\pi = \pi A$, one also has to ensure that $\sum \pi = 1$.

def solveStationary( A ):
""" x = xA where x is the answer
x - xA = 0
x( I - A ) = 0 and sum(x) = 1
"""
n = A.shape[0]
a = np.eye( n ) - A
a = np.vstack( (a.T, np.ones( n )) )
b = np.matrix( [0] * n + [ 1 ] ).T
return np.linalg.lstsq( a, b )[0]


And thats it!

# Peak detection in signal using Python

Usually people use scipy.signal to detect peak in signal.

scipy.signal.find_peaks_cwt( vec )


which returns list of index where vec has maximas. However this does not work all
the time, especially when vector is noisy. I could not get it working very well to compute the modality of distributions.

This is the most sophisticated library (AFAIK): https://gist.github.com/sixtenbe/1178136

Its can be installed via pip:

$pip install analytic_wfm To use, >>> import analytic_wfm >>> vec # this is the 1d array in which I want to detect peaks. >>> maxPeaks, minPeaks = analytic_wfm.peakdetect( vec, lookahead = 10 )  This returns maximum peaks and minimum peaks. There are various other functions described in readme.txt file. Here is an example where I used this library to compute modality of a distribution: # Compress/decompress a file using Huffman codes I wrote a small python script which can be used to compress/decompress a text file. On large files (more than 5MB), one can reduce the size of the file by a factor of ~ 0.35 which is not far from the best compression ratio. Since it is in pure Python, it is slow. This script requires module huffman and bitarray . pip install huffman bitarray --user  The script accepts two options -c or compression and -d for decompression. Following is help message produced by the script. ./compress -h usage: compress [-h] [--compress] [--decompress] file Compress/Decompress a file using Huffman codes. positional arguments: file File to compress/decompress. optional arguments: -h, --help show this help message and exit --compress, -c Compress file This script is intended for Information Theory students who are looking for a python script to play with. We read the input file and compute the frequency of each character (Counter from standard python library does the job). We pass this frequency information to huffman module and ask it to give a code-book (Huffman code). Next, we replace each character with code and save it to a binary file. We also add the code-book to the file as prefix. Adding code-book is necessary if we want to decompress it. The Huffman code gives the shorted binary code to the symbol which occurs most frequently, and longest to the one which occur most rarely. I ran the script (with time command) on a large file (76MB). time ./compress ~/Downloads/camk12_pp54_voxel2_diff--PP1--1e-13-_suOFF.dat -c Reading /home1/dilawars/Downloads/camk12_pp54_voxel2_diff--PP1--1e-13-_suOFF.dat (76 MB).. done. Generating codebook.. done. Compressing files .. done. Average codeword length : 2.924465 | Optimal average code length: 2.869759 Compressed files is written to /home1/dilawars/Downloads/camk12_pp54_voxel2_diff--PP1--1e-13-_suOFF.dat.dx | Original file size : 80169086 | Compressed file size : 29307774 | Compression ratio : 2.735421 real 0m40.917s user 0m40.822s sys 0m0.096s gzip takes less than a second to compress it (0.75 sec) and this script took more than 40 secs. With pypy, it took more time because bitarray is already a c-module. The point of this script is demonstration, and not the efficiency. gzip reduced the file to size 2878272 bytes. Ours (29307774 bytes) is not bad. Note that we are storing our codebook in plain text and not in binary format. We also print the Optimal average code length which is information theoretic optical average codeword length; no one can do better than this. And Huffman codes are quite close to this number. On small file, you won’t see much reduction. To decompress, we replace the codeword with the symbol and write to the output file. File can be found on github. # Performance of “sorting dictionary by values” in python2, python3 and pypy The script is hosted here http://github.com/dilawar/playground/raw/master/Python/test_dict_sorting.py . It is based on the work of https://writeonly.wordpress.com/2008/08/30/sorting-dictionaries-by-value-in-python-improved/ My script has been changed to accommodate python3 (iteritems is gone and replaced by items — not sure whether it is a fair replacement). For method names and how they are implemented, please refer to script or the blog post. Following chart shows the comparison. PyPy does not boost up the performance for simple reason that dictionary sorted is not large enough. I’ve put it here just for making a point and PyPy can slow thing down on small size computation. The fastest method is sbv6 which is based on PEP-0265 https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0265/ is the fastest. Python3 always performing better than python2. # Writing Maxima expression to text file in TeX format (for LaTeX) You want to write an Maxima expression to a file which can be read by other application e.g. LaTeX. Lets say the expression is sys which contains variable RM. You first want to replace RM by R_m . Be sure to load mactex-utilities if you have matrix. Without loading this module, the tex command generates TeX output, not LaTeX. load( "mactex-utilities" )$
sys : RM * a / b * log( 10 )$texput( RM, "R_m")$
sysTex : tex( sys, false)$with_stdout( "outout.txt", display( sysTex ) )$

Other methods such as stringout, save and write put extra non-TeX characters in file.

I get the following in file outout.txt after executing the above.

{{\log 10\,R_m\,a}\over{b}}